COMPARING CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM:
The World's Two Largest Religions

Overview:

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are three closely related religions. Because they all revere Abraham and certain other patriarchs mentioned in the Bible as their spiritual ancestors, they are sometimes called Abrahamic religions. However, their many points of similarity are no guarantee that their followers can get along. Most of the serious religiously motivated conflicts (Crusaders), mass crimes against humanity and genocides in the 20th century have been between Muslims and Christians. This has included genocides in Bosnia Herzegovina, East Timor, and the Sudan, as well as serious conflicts in Cyprus, Kosovo, Macedonia, and the Philippines. As of mid-2007, two of these conflicts (Sudan and Philippines) are still active, and three others are inert only because of peacekeepers on the ground.

It is difficult to compare Christianity to any other religion, because there is such a wide range of beliefs and practices among various wings of Christianity: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox churches, the Anglican communion and the tens of thousands of Protestant faith groups. Some commentators have suggested that Christianity consists of a number of different religions which share little more than the Bible and the name of their religion. Protestant Christianity is obviously divided into a least liberal and conservative wings -- divisions which hold few beliefs in common. Some of the descriptions below will thus necessarily be somewhat simplistic and lacking in precision.

About the Religions Themselves:

Info Parameters	Christianity	Islam
Meaning of the name:	Believer in Christ (a Greek word meaning Messiah).	Submission to the will of God.
Name of a believer:	Christian.	Muslim.
Date of founding:	circa 30 CE. ₁	622 CE. ₂
Name of founder(s):	Yeshua of Nazareth (aka Jesus Christ, (pbuh) ₃ & Paul.	Most religious historians credit Muhammad (pbuh) as the founder. ₃However, Muslims generally regard Islam as dating back to the time of creation of Adam
% of world's population as followers:	33%.	20%.
Worldwide growth rate in numbers of members ₄	2.3%/year.	2.9%/yr.
Growth rate: % of world's population:	About 0.0%. Numbers have been steady for decades.	Increase of about 0.6%/yr.
Estimated year when Islam will become the most popular world religion:	2023 CE (if above numbers are valid) to beyond 2200 CE (as estimated by some religious futurists)

% of U.S. population as followers:	2001 ARIS study estimates 76%, declining about 0.8% a year.	2001 ARIS study estimates 0.5%; some Muslim groups estimate 6 million (2%).
Internal divisions:	Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, Protestant, and others.	Shi'ite, Sunni, Sufi. Sufi is a mystical tradition.

Beliefs:

Info Parameters	Christianity	Islam
Concept of deity:	Most believe in the Trinity; three persons in one Godhead: Father, Son and Holy Spirit.	God (Allah) is one and indivisible. They believe in a strict monotheism. "Allah" means God in Arabic.
Status of Jesus Chris (Yeshua of Nazareth):	Generally considered the Son of God, worshiped as God; part of the Trinity.	Very highly respected as the second-last prophet.
Birth of Jesus Chris (Yeshua of Nazareth)::	Conservatives: virgin conception. Liberals: conventional birth.	Virgin conception.
Death of Jesus Chris (Yeshua of Nazareth):	Executed by Roman Army circa 30 CE.	Was neither killed by crucifixion nor suffered death. It was made to appear as such, there is confusion and conjecture about his death. Muslims believe that he ascended alive into heaven. ₂
Location of Jesus Christ	Ascended into Heaven	Ascended into Heaven
Identity of "another helper" or "comforter" *	Holy Spirit	Muhammad (pbuh)
Second coming of Jesus	Conservatives: expect in near future. Liberals: varied.	Anticipate the second coming in the future before end of time.
Status of Adam:	Disobeyed God in the Garden of Eden.	Free from all major sins and faults. The sin of disobedience was forgiven. Some regard him as a prophet.
Main holy book:	Bible ₆	Qur'an ₇
Original languages:	Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek.	Arabic.
Status of the holy book:	Conservatives: the inerrant Word of God. Liberals: a historical spiritual document.	God's word and final revelation, dictated by angel Gabriel. Unchanged, protected by God.
Additional guidance:	Writings of the leaders of the early Church. For Roman Catholics: church tradition.	The Hadith -- sayings of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).

Ethic of reciprocity (Golden rule):	"Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them."(Matthew;7:12)	"Not one of you is a believer until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself." 4;Hadith,An-Nawawi;13
A baby's status at birth	Various views. One is that a baby is born with a sin nature, separated from God. God needs to grant grace so that he may be saved.	All babies are a born in a pure state of submission to Allah. However, as they mature they are often taught other beliefs by their parents and their culture.
Life after death:	Either Heaven or Hell. Catholics believe in Purgatory as a third state.	Heaven or Hell.
Basis of determining destination after death:	There is no consensus in Christianity. Different faith groups hold Various diverse beliefs: trusting Jesus as Lord and Savior, good works, church sacraments, baptism, avoiding certain actions.	Once they reach puberty, his/her account of deeds is opened, recorded. To attain paradise, at death, their faith and good deeds (helping others, testifying to the truth of God, leading a virtuous life) must outweigh their evil deeds.
Confessing sins:	Roman Catholic: to God or Jesus, either directly or through a priest; Others: to God or Jesus	Direct to Allah (God)
Probably the most misunderstood term:	Immaculate Conception: Roman Catholics believe that the conception of the Virgin Mary, circa 20 BCE, was without sin. Many incorrectly relate it to Yeshua's' conception.	Jihad: internal, personal struggle towards the attainment of a noble goal for the cause of Allah. Many incorrectly equate it to "holy war”" for power or political gains. The legitimate warfare declared by Islamic state, with self (person) or through possessions in self-defense or against tyranny, to help oppressed people of any faith for the cause of Allah is permitted.

* From John 14:16: "And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter, that he may abide with you for ever."

Practices:

Info Parameters	Christianity	Islam
Current interpretation of the Holy Book:	Ranges from statements of the Pope in Roman Catholicism to resolutions at conventions among Protestants.	Learned scholars in various countries. There is no single spokesperson or authoritative group.
Name of worship center:	Church, cathedral.	Mosque.
Main worship:	Sunday; Saturday for some.	Five times daily, special congregation on Friday.

Church and state:	Largely considered separate. Most Christian countries are democracies	Integrated, but not theocracy: The political authorities work with in bounds of Islam. There is no institutionalized clergy like Pope. Islam is a way of life covering all aspects of religious, spiritual, political, social, economical and legal aspects.
Law	Generally restricted to legal matters.	Shari’a Covers moral, religious and legal matters. Hardly in real practice except few countries at present.
Legislation	Prerogative of the people	Prerogative of God, main sources: Qur’an, Sunnah, Ijmah (consensus) and Qayas (logical reasoning).
Use of statues:	Common in some denominations	Absolutely forbidden. Considered a very serious form of idolatry.
Main holy days:	Most Christians celebrate at least Christmas, Easter, and associated holy days.	Ashura; Mawlid; lunar month of Ramadan; Eid al-Fitr; Eid al-Adha.
Status of women:	Variable. Conservatives & liberals differ greatly.	Maximum rights granted including right of divorce (khula) & inheritance. However strongly affected by cultural traditions. Severely oppressed in some countries.
Marriages forbidden:	Inter-faith marriages, in the Eastern Orthodox church. Marriages between conservative Christians and others, within conservative Christianity.	A Muslim woman is not permitted to be married (or remained married) to a non-Muslim man. Muslim men may marry the pious Christian or Jewish women.
Racism:	Promoted by the LDS church until 1978. Still supported by Christian Identity, KKK, and other Christian fringe groups. Officially rejected by almost all other denominations. But remains widespread.	Officially rejected by all Islamic movements. ₅
Reaction to apostasy (leaving the faith due to religious conversion):	Prior to 1792, the end of the “burning times,” execution was possible.	Traditionally, death to the apostate. Rarely practiced in the 21^st century.

Historical treatment of Jewish people (Prior to World War 1):	Prolonged and widespread anti-Judaism, anti-Semitism, oppression, and mass murder.	Taxation for state protection, exemption from military service and Zakah, General tolerance, in Muslim Spain, Ottoman Turkey enjoyed privileged status.
Basis of calendar:	Gregorian solar calendar. 1 CE occurred about four to seven years after birth of Jesus.	Islamic lunar calendar. 1 AH occurred in 622 CE, the year of the Hegira when Muhammad (pbuh) traveled from Mecca to Medina.
Most misunderstood practice:	The sacrifice of the Mass, a Roman Catholic ritual. Some Native Americans and others interpreted it as a form of ritual cannibalism.	Female genital mutilation. wrongly considered a religious requirement of Islam. Actually it is cultural tradition common in some countries of Northern Africa. It is unknown in many Muslim countries.

Notes:

The Christian church is normally considered to have begun at Pentecost, 50 days after Christians believe that Jesus was executed. Unfortunately, the year is unknown.
Most religious historians view Islam as having been founded in 622 CE. However, many if not most of the followers of Islam believe that:

Islam existed before Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was born.

o The origins of Islam date back to the creation of the world.

Muslims traditionally acknowledge respect for Prophet Muhammad, Jesus and other prophets by adding phrase (peace be upon them) or an abbreviation "(pbuh)" after their names.
Greg H. Parsons, Executive Director, "U.S. Center for World Mission," Pasadena, CA; quoted in Zondervan News Service, 1997-FEB-21.
One exception is the Nation of Islam which promotes a black supremacist ideology. For example, leader Louis Farrakhan stated that "White people are potential humans…they haven’t evolved yet." (Philadelphia Inquirer, 2000-MAR-18). However, most Muslims do not consider the Nation of Islam to be part of Islam, because of its unique beliefs about God, humanity and the rest of the universe.
The books included in the Bible differ among Christian faith groups. The Roman Catholic Church includes the Apocrypha; most other Christian denominations do not. Members of the approximately 100 faith groups in the LDS Restorationist movement, including The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormons) add other holy books, including the Book of Mormon. Christian Scientists consider Mary Baker Eddy's book "Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures" to be a major resource.
Muslims believe that the Qur'an is the literal word of God, as dictated to Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) over a period of 23 years. It is the only book that is considered free of tahrif (error). There are four additional books:

· The Scrolls of Abraham (Suhuf-i-Ibrahim) which have been lost.

· The Tawrat (Torah; the Pentateuch from the Hebrew Scriptures) which many Muslims believe were altered by ancient Hebrews.

· The Zabur which many Muslims believe are the Psalms from the Hebrew Scriptures.

· The Injil (the Gospels; the original revelations to Jesus). Muslims believe that some it may be contained in the Gospels, which are not in conflict with Qur’anic narratives. The existing Gospels have been distorted and corrupted over time, moreover they were for specific period, and Qur’an, being the Last Testament supercedes them.

Useful sources of information:

1. "The Wisdom Fund" views their purpose as promoting the truth about Islam. See: http://www.twf.org

2. "Death of Jesus in Quran 'reasonable and valid," Light & Islamic Review, Vol. 70 #3, 1993-MAY/JUN, Pages 9 & 10. See: http://www.muslim.org/light/93-3.htm

3. Arif Shamim Khan, "Muslim woman and non-Muslim man," at: http://www.nikahsearch.com/marriage/

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TEN COMMANDMENTS & QUR'AN

Overview:

The Ten Commandments are also called the Decalogue. There are three versions of the Ten Commandments mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures, Old Testament. They can be found at Exodus 20:2-17, Exodus 34:12-26, and Deuteronomy 5:6-21. They all differ. However, the version in Exodus 20 is by far the most commonly cited.

Depending upon how Ten Commandments are interpreted, the Exodus 20 version contain a total of 19 to 25 separate instructions that various faith groups have sorted into ten commandments. They form part of the 613 injunctions, prohibitions and commands which make up the Mosaic Code.

Qur'an, the word of God revealed through angel Gabriel to Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), the last prophet of God for the humanity. The Qur'an appears to refer to the Decalogue and to urge that they be followed: “We inscribed for him (Moses) upon tablets all kind of instructions and details of every thing, concerning all branches of life, and said: "Observe these with firmness and enjoin your people to follow them according to the best of their abilities. Soon I shall show you the homes of the transgressors”(Qur’an;7:145). Chapter seven “The Children of Israel” contain most of the details. Although Decalogue as a unit is not found at one place in Qur’an, phrases throughout the Qur'an are very similar, confirming the Ten Commandments. Some comparisons are listed below:

COMPARISON OF VERSES -THE OLD TESTAMENT AND QUR'AN:

Old Testament- Exodus;20	Qur'an
3: Thou shalt have no other gods before me.	17:22: Do not associate another deity with God. 47:19: Know therefore that there is no god but God.
4-6: Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth....	6:103: No visions can encompass Him, but He encompasses all visions. 14:35: My Lord, make this a peaceful land, and protect me and my children from worshiping idols. 42:11: There is nothing that equals (like) Him.
7: Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.	2:224: Do not use God's name in your oaths as an excuse to prevent you from dealing justly. 73:8: Remember the name of your Lord and devote yourself to Him exclusively. 76:25 Glorify the name of your Lord morning and evening.
8-11: Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: But the seventh day is the Sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant [male slave], nor thy maidservant [female slave], nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates....	The Qur'an, at 16:124, states that the Sabbath day of complete rest was only required for Jews. However, congregational prayer (called Salat Al-Jumu`ah) is held on Friday afternoon. Muslims are expected to attend. In 62:9, it states: "O you who believe, when the Congregational Prayer is announced on Friday, you shall hasten to the commemoration of GOD, and drop all business."
12: Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.	17:23-24: You shall be kind to your parents. If one or both of them live to their old age in your lifetime, you shall not say to them any word of contempt nor repel them, and you shall address them in kind words. You shall lower to them the wing of humility and pray: "O Lord! Bestow on them Your blessings just as they cherished me when I was a little child."

13: Thou shalt not kill.	17:33: And do not take any human being's life - that God willed to be sacred - other than in [the pursuit of] justice."
14: Thou shalt not commit adultery.	17:32: You shall not commit adultery. Surely it is a shameful deed and an evil way.
15: Thou shalt not steal.	5:38 & 39: The thief, male or female, you shall mark their hands as a punishment for their crime, and to serve as an example from GOD. GOD is Almighty, Most Wise.
16: Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.	25:72: And (know that the true servants of God are) those who do not bear witness to falsehood.
Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's wife, nor his manservant [male slave], nor his maidservant [female slave], nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbour's.	4:32: Do not covet the bounties that God has bestowed more abundantly on some of you than on others.

References used:

1. From the King James Version of the Bible.

2. Arsalan Iftikhar, "Islam-OpEd: The Ten Commandments - God's Law, Man's Choice," Islam Infonet, 2005-FEB-28.

3. Monique Parsons, "Sabbath Chic: People of many faiths are finding the up side to down time," Beleifnet.com, at: http://www.beliefnet.com/

4. "The Ten Commandments in the Qur'an," Holy Qur'an Resources on the Internet, at: http://www.quran.org.uk/

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CHRISTIAN GROUPS CLOSER TO ISLAM

THE UNITARIANS

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Introduction:

There are many Christian groups which deny Trinity, worship One God, believe in Jesus to be a human and the Prophet of God. These groups are closest to the faith of Abraham, the common ancestor of Jews, Christians and Muslims. The moment they believe in Muhammad to be a prophet of God, the differences disappear:

“Jesus said unto them, If you were Abraham's children, you would do the (deeds) works of Abraham”.(John;8:39).

“Say: "O followers of earlier revelations! come to common terms As between us and you: that we worship none but God that we associate no partners with him; that we erect not, from among ourselves, Lords and patrons other than God." if then They turn back, say ye: "Bear witness that we have surrendered ourselves to Him. Ye people of the Book! why dispute ye about Abraham, when the law and the Gospel were not revealed till after Him? have ye no understanding? Ah! ye are those who fell to disputing (Even) In matters of which ye had some knowledge! but why dispute ye In matters of which ye have no knowledge? it is God who knows, and ye who know not! Abraham was not a Jew nor yet a Christian; but He was true In Faith, and bowed His will to God (Islam), and He joined not gods with God. Without doubt, among men, the nearest of kin to Abraham, are those who follow him, As are also This Messenger (Muhammad) and those who believe: and God is the Protector of those who have Faith.”(Qur’an;3:64-68).

There are many Unitarian without knowing it, are you one of them? Explore the essentials of the values they share...

Unitarians believe that:

In the spirit of civil and religious liberty, equality of respect and opportunity is for everyone
Everyone has the right to seek truth and meaning for themselves.
The fundamental tools for doing this are your life experience, your reflection upon it, your intuitive understanding and the promptings of your own conscience.
The best setting for this is a community that welcomes you for who you are, complete with your beliefs, doubts and questions.

Unitarians can be called religious ‘liberals’:

Religious because we unite to celebrate and affirm values that embrace and reflect a greater reality than self.
Liberal because we claim no exclusive revelation or status for ourselves; because we afford respect and toleration to those who follow different paths of faith.

Called ‘Unitarians’:

Because of traditional insistence on divine unity, the Oneness of God.
Because they affirm the essential unity of humankind and of creation.

Ø Unitarianism is an open-minded and individualistic approach to religion that gives scope for a very wide range of beliefs and doubts.

Ø Religious freedom for each individual is at the heart of Unitarianism. Everyone is free to search for meaning in life in a responsible way and to reach their own conclusions.

Ø Unitarians see diversity and pluralism as valuable rather than threatening. They want religion to be broad, inclusive, and tolerant. Unitarianism can therefore include people who are Christian, Jewish, Buddhist, Pagan and Atheist.

History

The roots of the Unitarian movement lie principally in the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century. At that time, people in many countries across Europe began to claim:

The right to read and interpret the Bible for themselves.
The right to seek a direct relationship with God, without the mediation of priest or church.
The right to set their own conscience against the claims of religious institutions.

Many came to question 'orthodox' Christian doctrine and to affirm beliefs of their own. These included:

The Unity or unipersonality of God, as opposed to the doctrine of the Trinity - hence the name 'Unitarian'.
The humanity, as opposed to the deity, of Christ.
The worth of human beings, as opposed to ideas of original sin, inherited guilt and innate depravity.
The universal salvation of all souls, as opposed to the doctrine that most of humanity is predestined to damnation.

The earliest organized Unitarian movements were founded in the 16th century in Poland and Transylvania. In Britain, a number of early radical reformers professed Unitarian beliefs in the 16th and 17th centuries, some suffering imprisonment and martyrdom. An organized Unitarian movement did not emerge in Britain until the late 18th century. The first avowedly Unitarian church in Britain was opened in Essex Street, London, in 1774. Denominational structures were developed during the 19th century, finally uniting in the present General Assembly in 1928. Today Unitarian movements exist in a number of countries around the world. Most originated independently by processes of spiritual evolution similar to that which occurred in Britain.

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"Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called sons of God." (Jesus Christ, Mathew;5:9)

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CHRISTIANMONOTHEISM

http://www.christianmonotheism.com

The Purpose:

Calling Christians Worldwide to Return to the Creed of Jesus : a proud member of the radical reformation of the 21st century

The ‘christianmonotheism.com’ exists in order to promote the fearless pursuit of truth concerning God and Jesus from a biblical and historical perspective. Christian monotheists (also called biblical Unitarians) believe that Jesus must be taken seriously when he says that his Father is the only true God (John;17:3). This website promotes the simple truth that "God is one" by providing free articles, mp3s, and videos.

Approach to Discovering Truth

Pursuing truth begins with intellectual humility recognizing that one might be wrong about his or her current beliefs. Truth should not be feared but rather embraced even if it causes distress. We must be open on matters of faith and willing to hear the other side of the argument. Furthermore, since each of us is capable of making mistakes, we believe it is best to work out our theology in community where others can critique and contribute. Questing for truth is exciting and worthwhile because, as Jesus said, "the truth will set you free" (John 8.32).

The Media Center

Since this is the information age, and we passionately want to see this message spread as far as possible, all of our media items are offered completely free of charge for download. Furthermore, we encourage you to make copies and distribute these mp3s, articles, and videos as much as your like. So far we host 104 media items. If you go to no other part of the site, make sure you stop by our ‘media center’ while you are here.

They Affirm:

That the Bible, both Hebrew and Greek Scriptures, are inspired and true
That God is a singular individual named Yahweh (the Father of Jesus)
That tens of thousands of singular pronouns mean that God is a singular individual
That Jesus was miraculously begotten by God in the womb of the virgin Mary
That Jesus could have sinned but instead chose to consistently obey the will of his Father in every situation
That God was at work in his Messiah in an unparalleled way such that Jesus was empowered to do many miracles
That Jesus is God's supreme agent and thus may be called God because he represents Yahweh
That Jesus died for our sins, was resurrected from the dead, ascended into heaven, and will return to judge the living and the dead
That The Holy Spirit is the means by which Father and Son are able to be present in the world even though they remain in heaven

They Deny:

That belief in the Trinity is necessary for salvation
That Jesus had to be God in order for his death to pay for the sins of the world
That salvation has anything to do with consenting to unintelligible creeds
That it is possible to be both God and human at once
That it is possible to be immortal and yet die for the sins of the world
That it is possible to be omniscient and yet not know the day or hour of one's return
That one can be begotten and yet have no beginning
That truth is determined either by how many people believe it or by how long it has been a cherished belief
That Jesus believed in the Trinity since he agreed with a non-trinitarian scribe on who God is by confirming the central creed of Judaism: The Shema
That the thousands of references to "GOD" in the Bible ever mean a Triune God
That we know it all
That the holy spirit is a distinct individual from the Father and the Son

This website is maintained by Sean Finnegan, a Christian monotheist from upstate NY, USA. Sean's goal is to collect quality biblical Unitarian resources in an effort to publicize the beautiful creed of Jesus and the Bible:

Jesus answered, "The first is, 'Hear, O Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is one; you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your strength.'" [Mark 12.29-30]

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"Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called sons of God." (Jesus Christ, Mathew;5:9)

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